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  • ANCHOR
    • Introduction to NC Digital History
      • About the NC History Digital Textbook
    • Two Worlds: Prehistory, Contact, and the Lost Colony (to 1600)
      • The Land
        • Natural Diversity
        • The Natural History of North Carolina
        • The Cherokee's World Origin Story
        • The Creation and Fall of Man, From Genesis
        • The Golden Chain
      • Native Carolinians
        • The Mystery of the First Americans
        • Shadows of a People
        • Maintaining Balance: The Religious World of the Cherokees
        • Cherokee Women
        • The Importance of One Simple Plant
      • Spanish Exploration
        • Spain and America: From Reconquest to Conquest
        • Where am I? Mapping a New World
        • The De Soto Expedition
        • Juan Pardo, the Indians of Guatari, and First Contact
        • Spain's Reasons for Pardo's Expedition
        • The Spanish Empire's Failure to Conquer the Southeast
      • From England to America
        • England's Renaissance
        • Merrie Olde England?
        • Fort Raleigh and the Lost Colony
        • The Search for the Lost Colony
        • Amadas and Barlowe Explore the Outer Banks
        • John White Searches for the Colonists
      • Contact and Consequences
        • The Columbian Exchange
        • The Columbian Exchange At a Glance
        • Disease and Catastrophe
        • Smallpox
        • The Lost Landscape of the Piedmont
    • Colonial North Carolina (1600-1763)
      • Introduction to Colonial North Carolina (1600-1763)
      • Planting a Colony
        • The Founding of Virginia
        • Supplies for Virginia Colonists, 1622
        • A Little Kingdom in Carolina
        • The Charter of Carolina (1663)
        • The Lords Proprietors
        • A Declaration and Proposals of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina (1663)
        • William Hilton Explores the Cape Fear River
        • A Brief Description of the Province of Carolina
        • Land Ownership and Labor in Carolina
        • The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)
        • Culpeper's Rebellion
      • Settling the Coastal Plain
        • The Present State of Carolina [People and Climate]
        • An Act to Encourage the Settlement of America (1707)
        • The Arrival of Swiss Immigrants
        • A German Immigrant Writes to Home
        • Quakers
        • Graveyard of the Atlantic
        • Of the Inlets and Havens of This Country
        • The Life and Death of Blackbeard the Pirate
      • The Tuscarora War and Cary's Rebellion
        • Cary's Rebellion
        • The Tuscarora War
        • Who Owns the Land?
        • John Lawson's Assessment of the Tuscarora
        • The Tuscarora Ask Pennsylvania for Aid
        • A Letter from Major Christopher Gale, November 2, 1711
        • Christoph von Graffenried's Account of the Tuscarora War
        • The Fate of North Carolina's Native Peoples
        • Carolina Becomes North and South Carolina
      • From Africa to America
        • Africans Before the Atlantic Slave Trade
        • Leo Africanus Describes Timbuktu
        • A Forced Migration
        • Olaudah Equiano Remembers West Africa
        • Venture Smith Describes His Enslavement
        • An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa
        • African and African American Storytelling
      • Settling the Piedmont
        • Expanding to the West: Settlement of the Piedmont Region, 1730 to 1775
        • Mapping the Great Wagon Road
        • The Moravians: From Europe to North America
        • Summary of a Report Sent to Bethlehem
        • From Caledonia to Carolina: The Highland Scots
        • William Byrd on the People and Environment of North Carolina
        • Governing the Piedmont
      • Daily Life and Work
        • The Importance of Rice to North Carolina
        • Janet Schaw on American Agriculture
        • Naval Stores and the Longleaf Pine
        • The Value of Money in Colonial America
        • Marriage in Colonial North Carolina
        • Families in Colonial North Carolina
        • Learning in Colonial Carolina
        • An Orphan's Apprenticeship
        • Benjamin Wadsworth on Children's Duties to Their Parents
        • North Carolina's First Newspaper
        • Poor Richard's Almanack
        • Nathan Cole and the First Great Awakening
        • Mapping Life in a Colonial Town
        • Colonial Cooking and Foodways
        • Work in Colonial America: Blacksmithing
      • Material Culture: Exploring Wills and Inventories
        • About Wills and Probate Inventories
        • Probate Inventory of Valentine Bird, 1680
        • Will of Susanna Robisson, 1709
        • Probate Inventory of Darby O'Brian, 1725
        • Will of Samuel Nicholson, 1727
        • Will of William Cartright, Sr., 1733
        • Probate Inventory of James and Anne Pollard, Tyrrell County, 1750
        • Will of Richard Blackledge, Craven County, 1776
        • Probate Inventory of Richard Blackledge, Craven County, 1777
        • Inventories
      • The French and Indian War (Intro)
        • The French and Indian War
        • Fort Dobbs and the French and Indian War in North Carolina
        • Toward a Union of the Colonies?
        • The Albany Plan of Union
    • Revolutionary North Carolina (1763-1790)
      • The Regulators: Introduction
        • The Regulators
        • An Address to the People of Granville County
        • The Regulators Organize
        • Herman Husband: "Some grievous oppressions"
        • Edmund Fanning Reports to Governor Tryon
        • Orange County Inhabitants Petition Governor Tryon
        • Songs of the Regulators
        • The Cost of Tryon Palace
        • Chaos in Hillsborough 1770
        • An Act for Preventing Tumultuous and Riotous Assemblies
        • An Authentick Relation of the Battle of Alamance
        • Aftermath of the Battle of Alamance
      • Beginnings of the American Revolution: Resistance and Revolution
        • Timeline of Resistance, 1763–1774
        • Dashed Hopes for the Frontier
        • Taxes, Trade, and Resistance
        • The Stamp Act Crisis in North Carolina
        • A Pledge to Violate the Stamp Act
        • The First Provincial Congress
        • The "Edenton Tea Party"
        • Political Cartoon: A Society of Patriotic Ladies
        • Backcountry Residents Proclaim Their Loyalty
        • The Committees of Safety
        • Loyalist Perspective: Violence in Wilmington
      • War and Independence
        • Timeline of the Revolution 1775–1779
        • Which Side to Take: Revolutionary or Loyalist?
        • The Mecklenburg Resolves
        • Liberty to Slaves: The Black Response
        • Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
        • A Virginian Responds to Dunmore's Proclamation
        • The Battle of Moores Creek Bridge
        • Mary Slocumb at Moores Creek Bridge: The Birth of a Legend
        • A Call for Independence
        • The Halifax Resolves
        • The Declaration of Independence
        • Plans for Democracy
        • Creed of a Rioter
        • The North Carolina Constitution and Declaration of Rights
      • The Rutherford Expedition (Intro)
        • The Cherokees' and Catawbas' Stance in the Revolutionary War
        • Boundary Between North Carolina and the Cherokee Nation, 1767
        • The Rutherford Expedition
        • A Letter to Brigadier General Rutherford
        • Cherokee Leaders Speak
      • The War in the South
        • Timeline of the Revolution, 1780–1783
        • The Southern Campaign
        • The Battle of Kings Mountain
        • The Overmountain Men and the Battle of Kings Mountain
        • Muskets and Rifles: The Soldier's Experience
        • Chaos in Salem
        • The Battle of Guilford Courthouse
        • David Fanning and the Tory War of 1781
        • Skirmish at the House in the Horseshoe
        • A Petition to Protect Loyalist Families
      • A New National Government
        • The First National Government: The Articles of Confederation
        • The Articles of Confederation
        • The Constitutional Convention
        • The Constitution of the United States
        • Debating the Federal Constitution
        • North Carolina Demands a Declaration of Rights
        • The Bill of Rights
    • Early National (1790-1836)
      • Creating a State
        • The State of Franklin
        • The United States in the 1790s
        • A Capital in the "Wilderness"
        • Nathaniel Macon
        • Nathaniel Macon on Democracy
        • The Walton War
      • An Agricultural State
        • Thomas Jefferson on Manufacturing and Commerce
        • Midwives and Herbal Medicine
        • A Father's Advice to His Sons
        • Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
        • The Growth of Slavery in North Carolina
        • A Slave Auction at Wilmington
      • Christian Revival
        • The Second Great Awakening
        • Into the Wilderness: Circuit Riders Take Religion to the People
        • A Camp Meeting Scene
        • What a Religious Revival Is
        • Description of a Nineteenth Century Revival
        • Rock Springs Camp Meeting
        • "Be saved from the jaws of an angry hell"
        • Preaching Obedience to Slaves
        • Elizabeth, a Colored Minister of the Gospel, Born in Slavery
        • John Chavis
        • The Development of Sacred Singing
      • The Rip Van Winkle State
        • Searching for Greener Pastures: Out-Migration in the 1800s
        • Migration Into and Out of North Carolina: Exploring Census Data
        • North Carolina's Leaders Speak Out on Emigration
        • Archibald Murphey
        • "A poor, ignorant, squalid population"
        • Archibald Murphey Proposes a System of Public Education
        • Archibald Murphey Calls for Better Inland Navigation
        • Canova's Statue of Washington
      • Education
        • A Free School in Beaufort
        • Rules for Students and Teachers
        • John Chavis Opens a School for White and Black Students
        • Education and Literacy in Edgecombe County, 1810
        • "For What Is a Mother Responsible?"
        • The University of North Carolina Opens
        • Student Life at UNC
        • Cherokee Mission Schools
        • A Bill to Prevent All Persons from Teaching Slaves to Read or Write, the Use of Figures Excepted (1830)
        • Academies for Boys and Girls
        • First Year at New Garden Boarding School
        • A Timeline of North Carolina Colleges (1766–1861)
      • Gold Rush
        • The North Carolina Gold Rush
        • The Reed Gold Mine
        • From the North Carolina Gold-Mine Company
        • Minting Gold into Coins
        • The Workings of a Gold Mine
      • Traveling the State
        • Steamboats
        • The Dismal Swamp Canal
        • How a Canal Works
        • Elisha Mitchell and His Mountain
        • Elisha Mitchell Explores the Mountains
        • The Buncombe Turnpike
      • State and National Politics
        • The Stanly-Spaight Duel
        • The Louisiana Purchase
        • The War of 1812
        • Debating War with Britain: For the War
        • Debating War with Britain: Against the War
        • The Burning of Washington
        • Dolley Madison and the White House Treasures
        • The Expansion of Slavery and the Missouri Compromise
      • Nat Turner's Rebellion (Intro)
        • Nat Turner's Rebellion
        • Mapping Rumors of Nat Turner's Rebellion
        • "Fear of Insurrection"
        • Reporting on Nat Turner: The North Carolina Star, Sept. 1
        • Reporting on Nat Turner: The Raleigh Register, Sept. 1
        • Reporting on Nat Turner: The Raleigh Register, Sept. 15
        • Insurrections in North Carolina?
        • Hysteria in Wilmington
        • "A sickening state of things"
        • Remembering Nat Turner
      • Cherokee Removal and the Trail of Tears
        • The Cherokee and the Trail of Tears
        • The Cherokee Language and Syllabary
        • Andrew Jackson Calls for Indian Removal
        • "We have unexpectedly become civilized"
        • The Indian Removal Act of 1830
        • Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia, 1831
        • Chief John Ross Protests the Treaty of New Echota
        • A Soldier Recalls the Trail of Tears
        • The Legend of Tsali
      • Reform
        • Whigs and Democrats
        • Reform Movements Across the United States
        • 1835 Amendments to the North Carolina Constitution
        • Ratifying the Amendments
        • North Carolina's First Public School Opens
        • Criminal Law and Reform
        • Dorothea Dix Hospital
        • Dorothea Dix Pleads for a State Mental Hospital
        • The Raleigh Female Benevolent Society
    • Antebellum (1836–1860)
      • A Slave State
        • Distribution of Land and Slaves
        • Social Divisions in Antebellum North Carolina
        • North Carolina v. Mann
        • The Quakers and Anti-Slavery
        • Levi Coffin and the Underground Railroad
        • Negotiated Segregation in Salem
        • Manumission
        • A Petition to Free a White Slave
        • Black Codes
        • Advertising for Slaves
        • Runaways and Slave Hunters in the Dismal Swamp
        • Antislavery Feeling in the Mountains
      • Farms and Plantations
        • Crops and Livestock
        • Seasons on a Farm
        • Diary of a Planter
        • Diary of a Farm Wife
        • The Duties of a Young Woman
        • Southern Cooking, 1824
        • Southern Honor
        • Court Days
        • A Bilious Fever
        • Bright Leaf Tobacco
        • Naval Stores in Antebellum North Carolina
        • Plantation Records: Expenses
        • Plantation Records: Property
        • Plantation Records: Expansion
        • Antebellum Homes and Plantations
      • Life in Slavery
        • The Life of a Slave
        • James Curry's Childhood in Slavery
        • Interview with Fountain Hughes
        • Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
        • Lunsford Lane Buys His Freedom
        • James Curry Escapes from Slavery
        • Jonkonnu in North Carolina
        • Plantation Records: Slave Names
      • Business and Industry
        • Towns and Villages
        • Occupations in 1860
        • Businesses by County, 1854
        • Thomas Day, African American Craftsman
        • Indian Cabinetmakers in Piedmont North Carolina
        • The Nissen Wagon Works
        • The Alamance Cotton Mill
      • Technology and Transportation
        • The Invention of the Telegraph
        • The North Carolina Railroad
        • Estimated Cost of the North Carolina Rail Road, 1851
        • The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad
        • Railroad Timetables
        • The Fayetteville and Western Plank Road
        • On the Road with Jane Caroline North
      • Music and the Arts
        • Joining Together in Song: Piedmont Music in Black and White
        • African American Spirituals
        • The Gospel Train
        • I'm Gwine Home on de Mornin' Train
        • Long Way to Travel
        • Frankie Silver: Female Folklore Legend
        • The Ballad of Frankie Silver
        • All Hail to Thee, Thou Good Old State
        • The Old North State
        • George Moses Horton
        • Death of an Old Carriage Horse
      • Towards Secession
        • From Pro-Slavery to Secession
        • The Mexican-American War
        • The California Gold Rush
        • The Compromise of 1850
        • A Divided Nation
        • Benjamin Hedrick
        • UNC Dismisses Benjamin Hedrick
        • The Impending Crisis of the South
        • Furor Over Hinton Helper's Book
        • The Election of 1860
    • Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1876)
      • Secession
        • Timeline of the Civil War, January–June 1861
        • Secession and Civil War
        • Fort Sumter
        • North Carolinians Debate Secession
        • A Virginia Boy Volunteers
        • A UNC Student Asks to Sign Up
        • North Carolina Secedes
        • The North Carolina Oath of Allegiance
        • "The Southern Cross"
      • The War Begins, 1861
        • North and South in 1861
        • Timeline of the Civil War, July 1861-July 1864
        • The Civil War: from Bull Run to Appomattox
        • North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield: May 1861-April 1862
        • The Union Blockade
        • Rose O'Neal Greenhow Describes the Battle of Manassas
        • Tar Heels Pitch In
        • Girls Helping the Cause
      • The Burnside Expedition, 1862
        • The Burnside Expedition
        • War on the Outer Banks
        • The Battle of Roanoke Island
        • The Burning of Elizabeth City
        • The Battle of New Bern
      • The War Continues, 1862–1864
        • North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield, May 1862–November 1864
        • The Raleigh Standard Protests Conscription
        • Running the Blockade
        • Cargo Manifests of Confederate Blockade Runners
        • Freed People at New Bern
        • The Emancipation Proclamation
        • Iowa Royster on the March into Pennsylvania
        • African American Soldiers
        • The Thomas Legion
        • The Capture of Plymouth
        • Civil War Casualties
      • A Soldier's Life
        • The Life of a Civil War Soldier
        • Small Arms in the Civil War
        • Civil War Uniforms
        • Soldiers' Food
        • Rose O'Neal Greenhow to Jefferson Davis
        • "My dear little darling"
        • Life in Camp
        • A Plea for Supplies
        • Civil War Army Hospitals
        • Enduring Amputation
        • Salisbury Prison
        • Vance's Proclamation Against Deserters
        • "I am sorry to tell that some of our brave boys has got killed"
      • The Home Front
        • "My dear I ha'n't forgot you"
        • Zebulon Vance
        • The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony
        • Paper Money in the Civil War
        • Pleading for Corn
        • A Female Raid
        • "No one has anything to sell"
        • The Shelton Laurel Massacre
        • The Home Guard
        • A Civil War at Home: Treatment of Unionists
        • The Lowry War
        • Life Under Union Occupation
      • The War Comes to an End, 1864–1865
        • Timeline of the Civil War, August 1864–May 1865
        • North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield, November 1864–May 1865
        • The Destruction of the CSS Albemarle
        • Wilmington, Fort Fisher, and the Lifeline of the Confederacy
        • Lincoln's Plans for Reconstruction
        • An Account of Stoneman's Raid
        • Sherman's March Through North Carolina
        • "Where Home Used to Be"
        • The Battle of Bentonville
        • The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
        • Johnston Surrenders
        • Mustering Out of the Confederate Army
        • Parole Signed by the Officers and Men in Johnston's Army
        • "For us the War is Ended"
        • "Can the very Spirit of Freedom Die out?"
        • May 1865 Advertisements
      • Freedom
        • What Justice Entitles Us To
        • Character of Men Employed as Scouts
        • Early Schools for Freed People
        • Freedmen's Schools: The school houses are crowded, and the people are clamorous for more
        • Louisa Jacobs on Freedmen
        • Address of The Raleigh Freedmen's Convention
        • Reuniting Families
        • Making Marriages Legal
        • Charges of Abuse
      • Reconstruction (Intro)
        • Reconstruction
        • Timeline of Reconstruction in North Carolina
        • Reconstruction in North Carolina
        • Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation
        • Amnesty Letters
        • Black Codes, 1866
        • Catherine Edmondston and Reconstruction
        • Amending the U.S. Constitution
        • African Americans Get the Vote in Eastern North Carolina
        • Military Reconstruction
        • The 1868 Constitution
        • John Adams Hyman
      • "Redemption" and the End of Reconstruction
        • Republican Rule
        • Conservative Opposition
        • The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan
        • Governor Holden Speaks Out Against the Ku Klux Klan
        • The Kirk-Holden War
        • The Murder of "Chicken" Stephens
        • Address to the Colored People of North Carolina
        • The Compromise of 1877
    • North Carolina in the New South (1870-1900)
      • Changes in Agriculture
        • Life on the Land: The Piedmont Before Industrialization
        • A Revolution in Agriculture
        • Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
        • Life on the Land: Voices
        • A Sharecropper's Contract
        • The Struggles of a Tenant Farmer
        • The Evils of the Crop Lien System
        • Tobacco Farming the Old Way
        • The History of the State Fair
        • The African American State Fair
      • Cities and Industry
        • Growth and Transformation: the United States in the Gilded Age
        • Henry Grady and the "New South"
        • Industrialization in North Carolina
        • The Growth of Cities
        • Immigration in U.S. History
        • Railroads in Western North Carolina
        • The Dukes of Durham
        • The Tobacco Industry and Winston-Salem
        • The Textile Industry and Winston-Salem
        • Small-Town Businesses, 1903
        • New Machine Shop in Plymouth, N.C.
        • The Belk Brothers' Department Stores
      • Factories and Mill Villages
        • Work in a Textile Mill
        • Working in a Tobacco Factory
        • Life in the Mill Villages
        • Mill Villages
        • Mill Village and Factory: Voices
        • Inventions in the Tobacco Industry
        • The Bonsack Machine and Labor Unrest
        • Workers' Pay and the Cost of Living
        • The Struggles of Labor and the Rise of Labor Unions
        • The Knights of Labor
        • Opposition to the Knights of Labor
        • Tobacco Workers Strike
      • Education and Opportunity
        • Timeline of North Carolina Colleges and Universities, 1865–1900
        • North Carolina State University
        • A Women's College
        • Student Life at the Normal and Industrial School
        • Wealth and Education by the Numbers, North Carolina 1900
        • The Colored State Normal Schools
        • African American College Students, 1906
        • The Biltmore Forest School
        • Athletics
      • Life in the Gilded Age
        • Biltmore Estate
        • The Bouquet
        • Southern Women and the Bicycle
        • Bicycles: Scourge of the Streets?
        • The Roller Skate Craze
        • Advertising New Products
        • Cities and Public Architecture
        • Sanitariums
        • The Growth of Tourism: Warm Springs
        • The Growth of Tourism: Southern Pines
        • Domestic Work in the Nineteenth Century
      • North Carolina in an American Empire
        • Expansion and Empire, 1867–1914
        • The Spanish-American War
        • "The duty of colored citizens to their country"
        • The Third North Carolina Regiment
        • Ensign Worth Bagley
      • Politics and Populism
        • The Rise of Populism
        • Populists, Fusionists, and White Supremacists: North Carolina Politics from Reconstruction to the Election of 1898
        • Leonidas Polk and the Farmers' Alliance
        • Chatham County Farmers Protest
        • Marion Butler and Fusion Politics
        • George Henry White: a Biographical Sketch
      • 1898 and White Supremacy
        • The Wilmington Record Editorial
        • The Democrats Appeal to Voters
        • The Wilmington Coup
        • The "Revolutionary Mayor" of Wilmington
        • Letter from an African American Citizen of Wilmington to the President
        • J. Allen Kirk on the Wilmington Race Riot
        • The Suffrage Amendment
        • Voter Registration Cards
        • Governor Aycock on "The Negro Problem"
        • Wilmington Massacre November 1898
    • North Carolina in the Early 20th Century (1900–1929)
      • Turn of the 20th Century Technology and Transportation
        • Municipal Electric Service
        • Electric Streetcars
        • Idol’s Dam and Power Plant
        • Rural Free Delivery
        • The Impact of the Telephone
        • The Road to the First Flight
        • Announcing the First Flight
        • Newspaper Coverage of the First Flight
        • Henry Ford and the Model T
        • The Woman at the Wheel
        • The Good Roads Movement
        • WBT Charlotte in the Golden Age of Radio
        • Sour Stomachs and Galloping Headaches
      • The Progressive Era
        • Reform and a New Era
        • Women's Clubs
        • Improving School Houses
        • The "Education Governor"
        • Statewide Prohibition
        • Quarantines
        • Winston-Salem's Early Hospitals
        • Death in a Pot
        • The Jungle
        • Sanitation and Privies
      • World War I
        • Timeline of World War I
        • The United States and World War I
        • Propaganda and Public Opinion in the First World War
        • "Over There"
        • The War and German Americans
        • The Increasing Power of Destruction: military technology in World War I
        • Camp Bragg
        • Conditions at Camp Greene
        • Diary of a Doughboy
        • A Letter Home from the American Expeditionary Force
        • Ashe County Deserters
        • Rescue at Sea
        • North Carolina and the "Blue Death": The Flu Epidemic of 1918
        • Stopping the Spread of Influenza
        • "Nationalism and Americanism"
        • African American Involvement in World War I
        • The Treaty of Versailles
      • Women's Suffrage
        • Timeline of Women's Suffrage
        • The Long Struggle for Women's Suffrage
        • Equal Pay for Equal Work
        • Gertrude Weil
        • The North Carolina Equal Suffrage League
        • Why We Oppose Votes for Men
        • Our Idea of Nothing at All
        • Votes for Women
        • Gertrude Weil Urges Suffragists to Action
        • North Carolina and the Women's Suffrage Amendment
        • Gertrude Weil Congratulates — and Consoles — Suffragists
        • Lillian Exum Clement
      • Jim Crow and Black Wall Street
        • The Birth of "Jim Crow"
        • A Sampling of Jim Crow Laws
        • Triracial Segregation in Robeson County
        • George White Speaks Out on Lynchings
        • The Great Migration and North Carolina
        • Durham's "Black Wall Street"
        • Black Businesses in Durham
        • The North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company
        • Charlotte Hawkins Brown
        • Charlotte Hawkins Brown's Rules for School
        • 1912 Winston Salem Segregation Ordinance Enacted
        • Black Student Activism in the 1920s and 1930s
      • The Roaring Twenties
        • The Booming Twenties
        • How the Twenties Roared in North Carolina
        • "Eastern North Carolina for the farmer"
        • "Home folks and neighbor people"
        • North Carolina Debates Evolution
        • Thomas Wolfe
        • Asheville Reacts to Look Homeward, Angel
        • From Stringbands to Bluesmen: African American Music in the Piedmont
        • Hillbillies and Mountain Folk: Early Stringband Recordings
        • Jubilee Quartets and the Five Royales: From Gospel to Rhythm & Blues
        • The "Flapper"
        • Going to the Movies
      • Industry and Labor
        • Child Labor
        • Why Belong to the Union?
        • Work and Protest, 1920–1934
        • Work and Protest: Voices
        • Alice Caudle Talks About Mill Work
        • The Carolina Coal Company Mine Explosion
        • The Southern Highland Craft Guild
      • The Gastonia Strike (Intro)
        • The Gastonia Strike
        • The Strike Begins
        • An Industry Representative visits Loray Mills
        • A Union Organizer Blames the Mill
        • The Strikers Move Into Tents
        • Congress Considers an Inquiry Into Textile Strikes
        • The Police Chief is Killed
        • The Mill Mother's Lament
    • The Great Depression and World War II (1929 and 1945)
      • Understanding the Great Depression
        • The Great Depression: An Overview
        • The Economics of the Great Depression
        • The Depression for Farmers
        • Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
        • The Bonus Army
        • Roosevelt and the New Deal
        • The Banking Crisis
        • The Economics of Recovery and Reform
      • Relief, Recovery, and Reform
        • Ending Child Labor in North Carolina
        • Child Labor Laws in North Carolina
        • Workplace Safety
        • The Fair Labor Standards Act
        • Tobacco Bag Stringing: Life and Labor in the Depression
        • A Sampson County Farm Family
        • Rural Electrification
        • The Live at Home Program
        • 4-H and Home Demonstration During the Great Depression
        • Eugenics in North Carolina
        • Records of Eugenical Sterilization in North Carolina
        • The Blue Ridge Parkway
        • Roads Taken and Not Taken: Images and the Story of the Blue Ridge Parkway “Missing Link”
        • The Great Smoky Mountains National Park
      • Life During the Depression
        • Self-Sufficiency on the Farm: Gardening, Picking, Canning, Cracklings, Sewing
        • A Textile Mill Worker's Family
        • "The mill don't need him tonight"
        • "Begging reduced to a system"
        • A Waitress
        • "He never wanted land till now"
        • Health and Beauty in the 1930s
        • Paul Green
        • Paul Green's The Lost Colony
        • Krispy Kreme
        • The Lasting Impact of the Great Depression
      • War Begins
        • The Coming of War
        • Timeline of World War II: 1931–1941
        • Pearl Harbor
        • "A date which will live in infamy"
        • Americans React to Pearl Harbor
        • Mobilizing for War
      • Fighting the War
        • The United States in World War II
        • Timeline of World War II: 1942–1945
        • The Science and Technology of World War II
        • The USS North Carolina
        • Midway
        • D-Day
        • Landing in Europe
        • Liberating France
        • The Battle of the Bulge
        • Iwo Jima
        • The Holocaust
      • The Soldier's Experience
        • Enlisting
        • Basic Training
        • Face to Face with Segregation: African American marines at Camp Lejune
        • The Experiences of Black Soldiers
        • Racial Discrimination in the Army
        • Music and Morale
        • The Story of a B-17 crew
        • Surviving the Blitz
        • Serving in the Air Force
        • Serving in the Pacific
      • The War at Home
        • Calling for Sacrifice
        • The Manpower Problem
        • North Carolina's Wartime Miracle: Defending the Nation
        • The Japanese-American Internment
        • Rosie the Riveter
        • Germans Attack Off of North Carolina's Outer Banks
        • Wartime Wilmington
        • Prisoners of War in North Carolina
        • Rationing
        • War Bonds
        • Covering the Beat: UNC in the WWII Era
      • Feed a Fighter
        • Food for Fighters
        • Victory Gardens
        • 4-H and Home Demonstration Work during World War II
        • 4-H mobilization for victory (1943)
        • Enlistment for Victory (1943)
        • Feed a Fighter in Forty-Four
        • 4-H club contributions to the war effort
        • Winners in North Carolina's Feed a Fighter Program
      • Victory — and After
        • Victory in Europe
        • The Atomic Bomb
        • Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima
        • A Tale of Two Cities
        • Victory over Japan
        • Occupying Japan
        • World War II Dead and Missing from North Carolina
        • Into the Postwar Era
    • Postwar North Carolina (1945-1975)
      • Introduction
      • The Cold War Begins
        • The Cold War: An Overview
        • The Origins of the Cold War
        • The Korean War
        • Living with the Bomb
        • The Cold War in the 1950s
        • Sputnik and Explorer
        • John F. Kennedy
        • Bombs over Goldsboro
        • The Space Race
      • Postwar Life
        • The GI Bill
        • The Interstate Highway System
        • Interstate Highways from the Ground Up
        • Changes in Agriculture 1860-
        • Growing Tobacco
        • The Influence of Radio
        • The Grandfather Mountain Highland Games
        • The Andy Griffith Show
        • Selling North Carolina, One Image at a Time
        • More than Tourism: Cherokee, North Carolina, in the Post-War Years
        • The Singing on the Mountain
        • Scottish Heritage at Linville
        • The Harriet-Henderson Textile Workers Union Strike: Defeat for Struggling Southern Labor Unions
        • W. Kerr Scott: From Dairy Farmer to Transforming North Carolina Business and Politics
        • Governor Terry Sanford: Transforming the Tar Heel State with Progressive Politics and Policies
      • The Struggle for Civil Rights, 1930–1959
        • Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
        • April 1947: Journey of Reconciliation
        • The Piedmont Leaf Tobacco Plant Strike, 1946
        • Desegregating the Armed Forces
        • A Black Officer in an Integrated Army
        • The 1950 Senate Campaign
        • Alone but Not Afraid: Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
        • The Montgomery Bus Boycott
        • The Lumbees Face the Klan
        • Robert F. Williams and Black Power in North Carolina
        • The NAACP in North Carolina: One Way or Another
        • Pauli Murray and 20th Century Freedom Movements
      • School Desegregation
        • Brown v. Board of Education and School Desegregation
        • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
        • The Pupil Assignment Act: North Carolina's Response to Brown v. Board of Education
        • With All Deliberate Speed: The Pearsall Plan
        • Perspective on Desegregation in North Carolina: Harry Golden's Vertical Integration Plan
        • Billy Graham and Civil Rights
        • The Little Rock Nine
        • Desegregation Pioneers
        • Youth Protest: JoAnne Peerman
        • A Teacher's Protest: William Culp
        • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
        • The Impact of Busing in Charlotte
        • Opposition to Busing
        • Perspectives on School Desegregation: Fran Jackson
        • Perspectives on School Desegregation: Harriet Love
      • Achieving Civil Rights, 1960–1965
        • The Civil Rights Movement, 1960–1980
          • Religion and the Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X Visits North Carolina in 1963
          • The Women of Bennett College: Unsung Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement
        • Sit-Ins
        • The Greensboro Sit-Ins
        • Wanted: Picketers
        • The Freedom Riders
        • Desegregating Public Accommodations in Durham
        • Desegregating Hospitals
        • The March on Washington, 1963
        • The Precursor: Desegregating the Armed Forces
        • The Civil Rights Act of 1964
        • The Struggle for Voting Rights
        • The Selma-to-Montgomery March
        • The Voting Rights Act of 1965
        • The Lumbee Organize Against the Ku Klux Klan January 18, 1958: The Battle of Hayes Pond, Maxton, N.C.
      • Protest, Change, and Backlash: the 1960s
        • Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society
        • The North Carolina Fund
        • Fighting Poverty
        • The Speaker Ban Controversy
        • Jesse Helms and the Speaker Ban
        • The Women's Movement
        • Segregated Employment Ads
        • Gay Life
        • The Aftermath of Martin Luther King's Assassination
        • Howard Lee
        • Senator Sam Ervin: Interpreting Historical Figures
      • The Vietnam War
        • Outline of the Vietnam War
        • The Vietnam War: A Timeline
        • Something He Couldn't Write About: Telling My Daddy's Story of Vietnam
        • A Soldier's Experience in Vietnam: Herbert Rhodes
        • A Soldier's Experience in Vietnam: Tex Howard
        • A Soldier's Experience in Vietnam: John Luckey
        • A Soldier's Experience in Vietnam: Robert L. Jones
        • A Soldier's Experience in Vietnam: Johnas Freeman
        • Anti-War Demonstrations
        • Campus Protests
      • The Limits of Change: The 1970s
        • Nixon, Vietnam, and The Cold War/ Nixon's Accomplishments and Defeats
        • The Wilmington Ten
        • The 1971 Constitution
        • North Carolina's First Presidential Primary
        • The Election of 1972
        • The Equal Rights Amendment
        • Watergate
        • The Greensboro Killings
      • A Lifetime of Change
        • Early Childhood
        • Country Memories
        • Rebecca Clark and the Change in Her Path in Education
        • Race Relations
        • Pay Raise
        • Politics
    • Recent North Carolina
      • Introduction
      • From Carter to G.W. Bush: U.S. Politics of the Turn of the 20th Century
        • The Carter Years
        • A Society in Transition
        • The Reagan Years
        • The Presidency of George H. W. Bush
        • The United States in the 1990s
        • The War on Terror and the Presidency of George W. Bush
      • Politics, Personalities, and Issues
        • Jim Hunt
        • "Senator No"
        • The 1984 Senate Campaign
        • Henry Frye
        • Urban Renewal and the Displacement of Communities
        • Urban Renewal and Durham's Hayti Community
      • The Changing Economy
        • Research Triangle Park
        • The Closing of a Factory
        • Key Industries: Banking and Finance
        • Key Industries: Biotechnology
        • Key Industries: Furniture
        • Key Industries: Hog Farming
        • Key Industries: Information Technology
        • Key Industries: Textiles & Apparel
          • Economic Change: From Traditional Industries to the 21st Century Economy
        • Key Industries: Tobacco
      • The Environment
        • The Environmental Justice Movement
        • Moving Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
        • Coastal Erosion and the Ban on Hard Structures
        • The Impact of Hog Farms
        • Regulating Hog Farms
        • Cane Creek Reservoir
        • Air Pollution
        • Drought and Development
        • The Mountains-to-Sea Trail
        • Hugh Morton and North Carolina's Native Plants
        • Grandfather Mountain: Commerce and Tourism in the Appalachian Environment
      • Hurricane Floyd
        • Ten years Later: Remembering Hurricane Floyd's Wave of Destruction
        • Hurricane Floyd's Lasting Legacy
        • How Does a Hurricane Form?
        • Understanding Floods
        • Mapping Rainfall and Flooding
        • The Evacuation
        • Rising Waters
        • Damage from Hurricane Floyd
        • Floyd and Agriculture
        • Cleaning Up After the Flood
        • The Problems of Flood Relief
        • Preventing Future Floods
        • Reclaiming Sacred Ground: How Princeville is Recovering from the Flood of 1999
        • Natural Disasters and North Carolina in the second half of the 20th Century
      • New North Carolinians
        • Languages and Nationalities
        • Latino Immigration
        • Five Faiths
        • A Hindu Temple in Cary
        • The Montagnards
        • Immigration from Africa
    • Appendixes
      • Appendix A. Reading Primary Sources: an introduction for students
      • Appendix B. Wills and inventories: a process guide
      • Appendix C. John Lawson
      • Appendix D: Rip Van Winkle
      • Appendix E: The Confessions of Nat Turner
      • Appendix F: Political Parties in the United States
        • From 1788–1840
        • From 1820-1860
        • From 1870–1900
        • From 1896-1929
      • Appendix G: North Carolina's Governors
      • Appendix H. The Election of 1860: Results by State
      • Appendix I: Remembering the Revolution
      • Appendix J: Reading Slave Narratives: the WPA interviews
      • Appendix K: Organization of Civil War armies
      • Appendix L: A March in the Ranks Hard-Prest, and the Road Unknown
      • Appendix M: Memorial Day
      • Appendix N: Pilot Training Manual for the B-17 Flying Fortress
    • Guides for Reading Primary Sources
      • Reading Primary Sources: thinking about thinking
      • Reading Primary Sources: Letters
        • Identify the Source
          • What is the nature of this source?
          • Who created this source, and what do I know about her, him, or them?
          • When was the source produced?
          • Where was the source produced?
        • Contextualize the Source
          • What do I know about the historical context of this source?
          • What do I know about how the creator of this source fits into that historical context?
          • Why did the person who created the source do so?
        • Explore the Source
          • What factual information is conveyed in this source?
          • What opinions are related in this source?
          • What is implied or conveyed unintentionally in the source?
          • What is not said in the source?
          • What is surprising or interesting about the source?
          • What do I not understand about the source?
        • Analyze the Source
          • How does the creator of the source convey information and make his or her point?
          • How is the world descibed in the source different from my world?
          • How might others at the time have reacted to this source?
        • Evaluate the Source
          • How does this source compare to other primary sources?
          • How does this source compare to secondary source accounts?
          • What do I believe and disbelieve from this source?
          • What do I still not know — and where can I find that information?
        • Appendix A: Transcription of Letters
        • Appendix B: John Adams to Abigail Adams Letter 1, July 3, 1776
        • Appendix C: John Adams to Abigail Adams Letter 2, July 3, 1777
      • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Advertisements
        • Reading Newspapers: advertisements
        • Identify the Source
          • What is the nature of this source?
          • Who created this source, and what do I know about her, him, or them?
          • When was the source produced?
          • Where was the source produced?
        • Contextualize the Source
          • What do I know about the historical context of this source?
          • What do I know about how the creator of this source fits into that historical context?
          • Why did the person who created the source do so?
        • Explore the Source
          • What factual information is conveyed in this source?
          • What opinions are related in this source?
          • What is implied or conveyed unintentionally in the source?
          • What is not said in the source?
          • What is surprising or interesting about the source?
          • What do I not understand about the source?
        • Analyze the Source
          • How does the creator of the source convey information and make his or her point?
          • How is the world descibed in the source different from my world?
          • How might others at the time have reacted to this source?
        • Evaluate the Source
          • How does this source compare to other primary sources?
          • How does this source compare to secondary source accounts?
          • What do I believe and disbelieve from this source?
          • What do I still not know — and where can I find that information?
        • Appendix A: Transcribed Carolina Watchman Ads, January 7, 1837
        • Appendix B: Carolina Watchman Ads, January 7, 1837
      • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Editorials
        • Reading Newspapers: editorial and opinion pieces
        • Identify the Source
          • What is the nature of this source?
          • Who created this source, and what do I know about her, him, or them?
          • When was the source produced?
          • Where was the source produced?
        • Contextualize the Source
          • What do I know about the historical context of this source?
          • What do I know about how the creator of this source fits into that historical context?
          • Why did the person who created the source do so?
        • Explore the Source
          • What factual information is conveyed in this source?
          • What opinions are related in this source?
          • What is implied or conveyed unintentionally in the source?
          • What is not said in the source?
          • What is surprising or interesting about the source?
          • What do I not understand about the source?
        • Analyze the Source
          • How does the creator of the source convey information and make his or her point?
          • How is the world descibed in the source different from my world?
          • How might others at the time have reacted to this source?
        • Evaluate the Source
          • What do I believe and disbelieve from this source?
          • How does this source compare to other primary sources?
          • How does this source compare to secondary source accounts?
          • What do I still not know — and where can I find that information?
      • Reading Primary Sources: Slave Narratives
        • Identify the Source
          • What is the nature of this source?
          • Who created this source, and what do I know about her, him, or them?
          • When was the source produced?
          • Where was the source produced?
        • Contextualize the Source
          • What do I know about the historical context of this source?
          • What do I know about how the creator of this source fits into that historical context?
          • Why did the person who created the source do so?
        • Explore the Source
          • What factual information is conveyed in this source?
          • What opinions are related in this source?
          • What is implied or conveyed unintentionally in the source?
          • What is not said in the source?
          • What is surprising or interesting about the source?
          • What do I not understand about the source?
        • Analyze the Source
          • How does the creator of the source convey information and make his or her point?
          • How is the world descibed in the source different from my world?
          • How might others at the time have reacted to this source?
        • Evaluate the Source
          • How does this source compare to other primary sources?
          • How does this source compare to secondary source accounts?
          • What do I believe and disbelieve from this source?
          • What do I still not know — and where can I find that information?
        • Appendix A: Abner Jordan Slave Narrative
      • Reading Newspapers: Reader Contributions
      • Reading Newspapers: Factual Reporting
      • Analyzing Political Cartoons
    • About ANCHOR
      • Partners and Contributors
      • Staff and Advisors
      • Digital Textbook FAQs
      • Pacing Guide
  • ‹ Appendix N: Pilot Training Manual for the B-17 Flying Fortress
  • up
  • Reading Primary Sources: thinking about thinking ›

Table of Contents

  • Introduction to NC Digital History
  • Two Worlds: Prehistory, Contact, and the Lost Colony (to 1600)
  • Colonial North Carolina (1600-1763)
  • Revolutionary North Carolina (1763-1790)
  • Early National (1790-1836)
  • Antebellum (1836–1860)
  • Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1876)
  • North Carolina in the New South (1870-1900)
  • North Carolina in the Early 20th Century (1900–1929)
  • The Great Depression and World War II (1929 and 1945)
  • Postwar North Carolina (1945-1975)
  • Recent North Carolina
  • Appendixes
  • Guides for Reading Primary Sources
    • Reading Primary Sources: thinking about thinking
    • Reading Primary Sources: Letters
    • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Advertisements
    • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Editorials
    • Reading Primary Sources: Slave Narratives
    • Reading Newspapers: Reader Contributions
    • Reading Newspapers: Factual Reporting
    • Analyzing Political Cartoons
  • About ANCHOR

Guides for Reading Primary Sources

The following guides provide information on reading historical primary sources. Maps, as well, even contemporary ones, are primary sources that can be analyzed and evaluated. 

  • Reading Primary Sources: Thinking about thinking
  • Reading Primary Sources: Letters
  • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Advertisements
  • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Editorials
  • Reading Primary Sources: Slave Narratives
  • Reading Newspapers: Reader Contributions
  • Reading Newspapers: Factual Reporting
  • Analyzing Political Cartoons

 

Table of Contents

  • Introduction to NC Digital History
  • Two Worlds: Prehistory, Contact, and the Lost Colony (to 1600)
  • Colonial North Carolina (1600-1763)
  • Revolutionary North Carolina (1763-1790)
  • Early National (1790-1836)
  • Antebellum (1836–1860)
  • Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1876)
  • North Carolina in the New South (1870-1900)
  • North Carolina in the Early 20th Century (1900–1929)
  • The Great Depression and World War II (1929 and 1945)
  • Postwar North Carolina (1945-1975)
  • Recent North Carolina
  • Appendixes
  • Guides for Reading Primary Sources
    • Reading Primary Sources: thinking about thinking
    • Reading Primary Sources: Letters
    • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Advertisements
    • Reading Primary Sources: Newspaper Editorials
    • Reading Primary Sources: Slave Narratives
    • Reading Newspapers: Reader Contributions
    • Reading Newspapers: Factual Reporting
    • Analyzing Political Cartoons
  • About ANCHOR

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