Vance County, located in the Piedmont [5] region of North Carolina, was formed in 1881 from Granville [8], Warren [9], and Franklin [7] Counties and named for Zebulon Baird Vance [10], governor of North Carolina and U.S. congressman and senator. It is situated along the Virginia border. Early inhabitants of the area included the Occaneechi Indians [11], followed by German [12], Scotch-Irish [13], and English settlers. Henderson [14], the county seat, was incorporated in 1841 and named for Leonard Henderson [15], chief justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court [16] from 1829 to 1833. Other communities in the county include Middleburg, Gillburg, Gill, Williamsboro, Greystone, and Epsom. Kerr Lake State Recreation Area [17] brings thousands of visitors to Vance County for boating, waterskiing, and fishing. Other notable physical features of the county include the Tar River, Roland Pond, and Island, Anderson, and Tabbs Creeks.

Rose's department stores [18] were started in Henderson by brothers Paul H. Rose and T. B. Rose in 1915. Vance County landmarks and historic sites include the county courthouse (1884) and St. John's Episcopal Church (1773). Cultural institutions include the Kerr Lake Art Society and the Vance County Historical Museum. The county hosts festivals and annual events such as the Vance County Regional Fair, the Memorial Day Weekend Concert in the Park, and the Kerr Lake Art Show.

Vance County agricultural commodities include tobacco [19], soybeans, horticultural crops, dairy products, and livestock. Manufactures include textiles, glass containers, manufactured homes, apparel, metal fabrications, lumber and wood products, pet food, plastics, and home furnishings. The minerals tungsten, heubnerite, rutile, and sillimanite are mined in the county. The estimated population of Vance County was 43,800 in 2004.